Table of Contents

Contents






1     Prospectus                                                                                                 1

PART ONE
RECAPITULATION
2   The Analogistic Tradition from Anaximander to Bonnet 13
    The Seeds of Recapitulation in Greek Science?     13
    Ontogeny and Phylogeny in the Conflict of "Evolution" and
      Epigenesis: The Idyll of Charles Bonnet     17
    Appendix: The Revolution in "Evolution"     28
3   Transcendental Origins, 1793-1860 33
    Naturphilosophie: An Expression of Developmentalism     35
    Two Leading Recapitulationists among the Naturphilosophen:
      Oken and Meckel     39
       Oken's Classification of Animals by Linear Additions of Organs     40
      J. F. Meckel' s Sober Statement of the Same Principles     45
  Serres and the French Transcendentalists     47
        Recapitulation and the Theory of Developmental Arrests     49
    Von Baer's Critique of Recapitulation     52
      The Direction of Development and Classification of Animals     52
       Von Baer and Naturphilosophie; What Is the Universal Direction of Development?     59
    Louis Agassiz and the Threefold Parallelism     63
4     Evolutionary Triumph,     1859–1900 69
      Evolutionary Theory and Zoological Practice 69
        Darwin and the Evolution of Von Baer's Laws      70
        Evolution and the Mechanics of Recapitulation     74
      Ernst Haeckel: Phylogeny as the Mechanical Cause of Ontogeny      76
           The Mechanism of Recapitulation 78
    The American Neo-Lamarckians: The Law of Acceleration as Evolution's Motor     85
        Progressive Evolution by Acceleration      85
        The Extent of Parallelism      88
        Why Does Recapitulation Dominate the History of Life?     90
        Alpheus Hyatt and Universal Acceleration     91
    Lamarckism and the Memory Analogy     96
    Recapitulation and Darwinism     100
    Appendix: The Evolutionary Translation of von Baer's Laws     109
5     Pervasive Influence 115
        Criminal Anthropology     120
        Racism     126
        Child Development     135
        Primary Education     147
        Freudian Psychoanalysis     155
        Epilogue     164
6     Decline, Fall, and Generalization 167
      A Clever Argument     167
      An Empirical Critique     168
        Organs or Ancestors: The Transformation of Haeckel's
               Heterochrony     170
        Interpolations into Juvenile Stages     176
        Introduction of Juvenile Features into the Adults of Descendants     177
     What Had Become of von Baer's Critique?     184
      Benign Neglect: Recapitulation and the Rise of Experimental
        Embryology 186
          The Prior Assumptions of Recapitulation     186
          Wilhelm His and His Physiological Embryology: A Preliminary Skirmish 189
       Roux's Entwicklungsmechanik and the Biogenetic Law     194
      Recapitulation and Substantive Issues in Experimental
        Embryology: The New Preformationism     197
      Mendel's Resurrection, Haeckel's Fall, and the Generalization of Recapitulation     202