Ontogeny and Phylogeny

7	Heterochrony and the Parallel of Ontogeny and Phylogeny	209
	Acceleration and Retardation 209
	Confusion in and after Haeckel's Wake 209
	Guidelines for a Resolution 211
	The Reduction of de Beer's Categories of Heterochrony to acceleration and Retardation 221
	A Historical Paradox: The Supposed Dominance of Recapitulation 228
	Dissociability and Heterochrony 234
	Correlation and Dissociability 234
	Dissociation of the Three Processes 236
	A Metric for Dissociation 238
	Temporal Shift as a Mechanism of Dissociation 244
	A Clock Model of Heterochrony 246
	Appendix: A Note on the Multivariate Representation of Dissociation 263
8	The Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Heterochrony	267
	The Argument from Frequency 267
	The Importance of Recapitulation 267
	The Importance of Heterochronic Change: Selected Cases 269
	Frequency of Paedomorphosis in the Origin of Higher Taxa 277
	A Critique of the Classical Significance of Heterochrony 282
	The Classical Arguments 282
	Retrospective and Immediate Significance 285
	Heterochrony, Ecology, and Life-History Strategies 289
	The Potential Ease and Rapidity of Heterochronic Change 294
	The Control of Metamorphosis in Insects 294
	Amphibian Paedomorphosis and the Thyroid Gland 299
9	Progenesis and Neoteny	303
	Insect Progenesis 304
	Prothetely and Metathetely 304
	Paedo genesis (Parthenogenetic Progenesis) in Gall Midges and Beetles 306
	Progenesis in Wingless, Parthenogenetic Aphids 308
	Additional Cases of Progenesis with a Similar Ecological Basis 311
	Neotenic Solitary Locusts: Are They an Exception to the Rule? 312
	Amphibian Neoteny 319
	The Ecological Determinants of Progenesis 324
	Unstable Environments 324
	Colonization 326
	Parasites 328
	Male Dispersal 330
	Progenesis as an Adaptive Response to Pressures for Small Size 332
	The Role of Heterochrony in Macroevolution: Contrasting Flexibilities for Progenesis and Neoteny 336
	Progenesis 336
	Neoteny 341
	The Social Correlates of Neoteny in Higher Vertebrates 345
10	Retardation and Neoteny in Human Evolution	352
	The Seeds of Neoteny 352
	The Fetalization Theory of Louis Bolk 356
	Bolk's Data 356
	Bolk's Interpretation 359
	Bolk's Evolutionary Theory 361
	A Tradition of Argument 363
	Retardation in Human Evolution 365
	Morphology in the Matrix of Retardation 376
	Of Enumeration 376
	Of Prototypes 384
	Of Correlation 390
	The Adaptive Significance of Retarded Development 397
11	Epilogue	405
	Notes 413
	Bibliography 441
	Glossary 479
	Index 487

2	The Analogistic Tradition from Anaximander to Bonnet	13
	The Seeds of Recapitulation in Greek Science? 13
	Ontogeny and Phylogeny in the Conflict of "Evolution" and Epigenesis: The Idyll of Charles Bonnet 17
	Appendix: The Revolution in "Evolution" 28
3	Transcendental Origins, 1793-1860	33
	Naturphilosophie: An Expression of Developmentalism 35
	Two Leading Recapitulationists among the Naturphilosophen: Oken and Meckel 39
	Oken's Classification of Animals by Linear Additions of Organs 40
	J. F. Meckel' s Sober Statement of the Same Principles 45
	Serres and the French Transcendentalists 47
	Recapitulation and the Theory of Developmental Arrests 49
	Von Baer's Critique of Recapitulation 52
	The Direction of Development and Classification of Animals 52
	Von Baer and Naturphilosophie; What Is the Universal Direction of Development? 59
	Louis Agassiz and the Threefold Parallelism 63
4	Evolutionary Triumph, 1859–1900	69
	Evolutionary Theory and Zoological Practice 69
	Darwin and the Evolution of Von Baer's Laws 70
	Evolution and the Mechanics of Recapitulation 74
	Ernst Haeckel: Phylogeny as the Mechanical Cause of Ontogeny 76
	The Mechanism of Recapitulation 78
	The American Neo-Lamarckians: The Law of Acceleration as Evolution's Motor 85
	Progressive Evolution by Acceleration 85
	The Extent of Parallelism 88
	Why Does Recapitulation Dominate the History of Life? 90
	Alpheus Hyatt and Universal Acceleration 91
	Lamarckism and the Memory Analogy 96
	Recapitulation and Darwinism 100
	Appendix: The Evolutionary Translation of von Baer's Laws 109
5	Pervasive Influence	115
	Criminal Anthropology 120
	Racism 126
	Child Development 135
	Primary Education 147
	Freudian Psychoanalysis 155
	Epilogue 164
6	Decline, Fall, and Generalizations	167
	A Clever Argument 167
	An Empirical Critique 168
	Organs or Ancestors: The Transformation of Haeckel's Heterochrony 170
	Interpolations into Juvenile Stages 176
	Introduction of Juvenile Features into the Adults of Descendants 177
	What Had Become of von Baer's Critique? 184
	Benign Neglect: Recapitulation and the Rise of Experimental Embryology 186
	The Prior Assumptions of Recapitulation 186
	Wilhelm His and His Physiological Embryology: A Preliminary Skirmish 189
	Roux's Entwicklungsmechanik and the Biogenetic Law 194
	Recapitulation and Substantive Issues in Experimental Embryology: The New Preformationism 197
	Mendel's Resurrection, Haeckel's Fall, and the Generalization of Recapitulation 202